Titanium Alloy Golf Head Metal Injection Parts

Titanium and titanium alloy metal injection molding (MIM) technology can realize the large-scale and low-cost preparation of small and medium-sized complex-shaped titanium products, which is of great significance for promoting the production and application of titanium and titanium alloy products. Qinhuangdao Zhongwei Precision Machinery Co., Ltd. is a collection of copper alloy metal injection molding, iron-based metal injection molding, stainless steel-based metal injection molding, aluminum alloy metal injection molding, nickel alloy metal injection molding, cobalt alloy metal injection molding, tungsten alloy metal injection molding A comprehensive high-tech enterprise integrating R&D, production and sales of injection molding, Titanium alloy golf head metal injection parts, cemented carbide metal injection molding, and powder metallurgy structural parts.

Product Description

1. Implementation standards: the company strictly implements ISO9001, ISO14001, IATF16949 certification

The products have passed the certification of ROHS, FDA EU, etc.

2. Product material standards: ISO, GB, ASTM, SAE, EN, DIN, BS, AMS, JIS, ASME, DMS, TOCT, GB

3. Main processes: metal injection molding MIM, powder metallurgy PM, investment casting, die-casting aluminum,

4. Available materials for powder metallurgy:

Copper alloys, iron bases, titanium alloys, stainless steel bases, aluminum alloys, nickel alloys, cobalt alloys, tungsten alloys, cemented carbides, hydroxy alloys, soft magnetic materials and 3D printing can be customized according to customer requirements.

Research and Application

The metal powder injection molding process usually includes several basic processes such as injection material preparation, injection molding, debonding, sintering and necessary post-processing.

As shown in Figure 1, the metal powder and organic binder components are mixed, kneaded and granulated to prepare an injection material, and then the injection material is injected into the mold at a certain temperature and pressure, and after cooling, it is demolded to obtain a specific injection material. The green body of the shaped product is then subjected to a debonding process to remove all organic components except the metal powder contained in the green body to become a debonded body, and finally sintered to obtain Titanium alloy golf head metal injection parts with desired properties.

Metal powder injection molding technology realizes the organic combination of injection molding and traditional powder metallurgy technology, overcomes the high cost of machining process, the simple shape of traditional molding process, the low production efficiency of isostatic pressing and grouting process, and the traditional casting process. The disadvantages of many defects and low tolerance accuracy have greatly promoted the production and application of titanium and titanium alloy products (as shown in Figure 2).

Fig.1 Flow chart of titanium and titanium alloys manufactured by MIM

Fig.2 Applications of titanium and titanium alloys manufactured by MIM

The following introduces the characteristics and advantages of Titanium alloy golf head metal injection parts, and summarizes the research progress of titanium and titanium alloy metal powder injection molding technology from powder raw materials, commonly used binder systems, injection molding, debonding and sintering. The main problems exist, and the research direction of titanium and titanium alloy metal powder injection molding is analyzed.

1. Research status of titanium and titanium alloy metal powder injection molding

Studies have shown that the mechanical properties, corrosion resistance and biomedical properties of titanium and titanium alloy injection molded products are greatly affected by relative density, impurity content, alloying elements and microstructure.

After the injection molding product is sintered, its relative density is about 95%, and there will be a certain proportion of residual pores.

These residual pores will become the source of cracks when the sample is fractured, and have a great impact on the mechanical properties of the material such as tensile strength, ductility, fracture toughness and fatigue strength. Therefore, the higher the relative density of titanium and titanium alloy injection molding products, Its mechanical properties are better.

Impurity elements such as oxygen, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, etc., especially oxygen, will increase the yield strength, tensile strength and hardness of the material, and reduce the ductility. Impurity elements are dissolved in the matrix titanium at the sintering temperature. Since there is no effective reducing agent, it is difficult to control the impurity elements of titanium and titanium alloys during the sintering process. quantity.

The microstructure of titanium and titanium alloys, including the grain size and phase composition after sintering, can affect the mechanical properties of the material. Taken together, injection-molded titanium and titanium alloy materials with excellent performance have higher density, low impurity content (usually oxygen content), appropriate alloy composition, fine grains and fewer defects during densification.

1.1 Powder raw materials

The selection of powder raw materials is an important step in the titanium powder injection molding process. The particle size distribution and morphology of the powder directly affect the flowability and formability of the injection material, the shape retention of the green body during debonding and the shrinkage during sintering.

At present, the commonly used titanium and titanium alloy powder preparation methods include mechanical method and atomization method.

The shape of the powder obtained by mechanical milling (such as ball milling, stirring ball milling, high-energy vibration ball milling and jet milling, etc.) is generally irregular or angular.

Hydrogenation dehydrogenization (HDH) process is to take advantage of the obvious embrittlement of titanium after hydrogen absorption, crush it by mechanical grinding or jet pulverization, and then undergo dehydrogenation to obtain irregular-shaped titanium powder, as shown in Figure 3 ( a) shown. Atomization methods (such as inert gas atomization, plasma beam rotating electrode atomization, and electrode induction melting gas atomization) can be carried out in a completely inert atmosphere to maintain high purity of raw powder, resulting in a spherical shape and particle size distribution It is quite wide and has good packing properties, as shown in Fig. 3(b).

In addition, different from the production technology of steel powder, titanium powder with finer particle size is more difficult to produce. As the particle size decreases, the specific surface area increases, and the content of impurity elements also increases.

Usually, the particle size of titanium powder used in MIM is less than 45 μm. When the particle size of the powder is too large, the powder-binder separation phenomenon is likely to occur during the injection process, resulting in defects. It needs to be fully considered in the design of injection material composition and mold design.

Fig.3 HDH (a) and gas atomized (b) titanium powder used in MIM

1.2 Binder

The binder is a carrier that exists in stages throughout the injection molding process. Its main function is to make the powder fill the mold uniformly in a fluid state, form the desired shape, and maintain it until the pre-sintering stage.

In the injection molding process, the binder should have the following characteristics: low melting point, good wettability to powder particles and fast curing, which is convenient for the preparation of injection materials; good fluidity at injection temperature; after molding It can be easily removed from the green body, and there are less residual substances, and the decomposition products are non-toxic and non-corrosive.

In general, the binder component contains at least a primary component and a secondary component:

The main component is used to wet the metal powder particles and provide the necessary fluidity, while the secondary component ensures that the injection body still has sufficient strength during the injection process and after the removal of the binder main component.

In most cases, the binder system has a third component, such as a surfactant, to improve the compatibility between the metal powder and the polymer.

According to the main components of the adhesive components, the commonly used adhesive systems can be divided into wax-based systems, aromatic compound-based systems, polyoxymethylene systems, and water-based systems.

1.2.1 Wax-based adhesive

Commonly used waxes for wax-based system binders include several short-chain polymers such as paraffin, beeswax, and palm wax. They have low melting points, good wettability, short molecular chains, and low viscosity, and their volume changes are smaller than other polymers when decomposed. , which is beneficial to ensure the dimensional accuracy of the product.

The commonly used secondary components of wax-based systems are polypropylene, polyethylene, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer and high molecular weight polymethyl methacrylate, etc. In addition to wax and backbone binder, a surface active Agents, such as stearic acid, are used to improve the compatibility between powder and polymer.

The earliest wax-based binder system reported in the literature was Kaneko et al. using paraffin-poly-n-butyl methacrylate-ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer-dibutyl phthalate as a binder to mix with titanium powder to prepare injection materials. , powder loading of 56%, and sintered at 1300 °C and 1.3 Pa after debonding. The obtained sintered sample has a relative density of 94% and a compressive strength of 1000 MPa, but has almost no ductility due to too high impurity content.

studied a two-step debonding process combining vacuum debonding and argon atmosphere debonding, which significantly reduced the carbon and oxygen content in the sintered parts.

Guo et al. replaced part of the paraffin with polyethylene glycol with better wettability, developed a paraffin-polyethylene glycol-polyethylene-polypropylene-stearic acid binder system, and used it in In the injection molding of pure titanium and titanium-aluminum-vanadium alloy, the sintered parts have good shape retention and small dimensional fluctuations. Due to the reduction of oxygen and carbon content, the performance is also greatly improved, and better performance is obtained.

In addition, some researchers use palm wax to partially replace paraffin and palm oil to completely replace paraffin [14] for wax-based binder systems, and the forming effect is also very good, but because the oxygen element contained in palm wax itself is also Oxygen source, so the carbon and oxygen content of the final product is slightly higher, and the mechanical properties are not as good as the paraffin system.

The optimal wax-based binder system reported in the literature was proposed by Friederici et al. . During the experiment, the ratios of paraffin, low-density polyethylene and stearic acid were adjusted to form four binder ratios. Through the forming, debonding and sintering processes of different injection materials, samples with a relative density of 98.1% and a chemical composition satisfying secondary pure titanium were obtained.

Wax-based binder system occupies an important position in injection molding, but because the wax-based binder system uses organic solvents for solvent debonding and has low degreasing efficiency, researchers continue to innovate on this basis and develop new adhesives. agent system.

1.2.2 Aromatic compound-based adhesives

Aromatic compounds (such as naphthalene, anthracene, etc.) can be dissolved at very low temperatures. Under low pressure conditions, they can be directly transformed from solids to gases by sublimation at a temperature lower than their melting point. Aromatic compounds are used as binders. Separation can greatly improve the efficiency of the debonding process.

Weil et al. used aromatic compounds in titanium powder injection molding. In his research, dense titanium-aluminum-vanadium alloys and porous titanium-aluminum-vanadium alloys were prepared using naphthalene, 1% stearic acid and 3%-12% ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers as binders.

During the experiment, since naphthalene was directly sublimated into gas and discharged, no liquid phase appeared during the debonding process, and the sample volume did not change, and unlike solvent degreasing, the surface energy involved in the sublimation method was low, which meant common degreasing defects such as deformation. , cracking, etc. can be avoided, the experiment finally obtained the relative density of the sintered sample 96.6%, and the carbon content did not increase.

Although the binder system has achieved excellent product performance, the aromatic compounds in the system still have an impact on the environment and physical health, and have not been followed up by research and large-scale applications.

1.2.3 POM-based adhesive

Polyoxymethylene was first used in the adhesive system by Celanese Corp in 1984, and then developed by BASF, which made it possible for the adhesive components to contain no wax and small molecular weight components.

Polyoxymethylene is the main component of the binder system, and polyethylene (PE) is gradually added as a skeleton binder in the later development process.

Based on this binder system, BASF currently forms injection moulding compounds covering a wide range of materials including low alloy steels, stainless steels, tool steels, titanium and titanium alloys and ceramics.

The remarkable characteristic of polyoxymethylene is that it is more sensitive to acidic reagents and is prone to acid decomposition. Therefore, by treating the green body in an acidic atmosphere lower than its softening temperature, the polyoxymethylene is in a solid state, which avoids defects such as cracks and expansion caused by the boiling of the binder components, and has small deformation and good shape retention. Precise size control.

In addition, due to the large diffusion rate, compared with other degreasing methods, the degreasing rate is higher, which can reach 10 times the debonding rate of traditional solvents, while allowing thicker size debonding.

Although the POM-based adhesive system has many of the above advantages, it also has many disadvantages.

The corrosive nitric acid vapor is often used as a catalyst in the catalytic debonding process. On the one hand, polyoxymethylene may decompose during the pre-injection preparation and injection molding stages, resulting in highly toxic formaldehyde, and the decomposition products need to be burned in two steps. On the other hand, the acidic atmosphere that plays a catalytic role is more corrosive to the equipment and requires more investment.

1.2.4 Water-based adhesives

The debonding solvents (such as heptane and hexane) or the decomposition products of the binder components (aromatic monomers and formaldehyde) used in the aforementioned binder systems are more or less harmful to the environment and operators. Therefore, it is of great significance to develop a binder system using environmentally friendly solvents.

Existing environmentally friendly binder systems use water as the debonding solvent.

According to the different roles of water in the preparation of injection materials, such binder systems can be divided into two types: gel-based and non-gel-based.

A commonly used polymer for non-gel-based systems is polyethylene glycol, which has better properties and is inexpensive and readily available. Low molecular weight polyethylene glycols can be quickly and almost completely removed at 60°C, and the molecular weights of commonly used polyethylene glycols range from 500 to 2000. The commonly used backbone binder is polymethyl methacrylate with a molecular weight of 10,000.

used a water-soluble binder component of polyethylene glycol–polymethyl methacrylate–stearic acid at a powder loading of 69%.

In the experiment, polyethylene glycol was completely removed in water at 55 °C for 5 h, and polymethyl methacrylate was completely removed in hot debonded argon flow at 440 °C. The final oxygen content (mass fraction) of the prepared samples was 0.2%, the corresponding tensile strength was 850~880 MPa, and the elongation was 8.5%~16%, which met the ASTM grade 5 Ti standard.

Most of the gel-based binders are natural substances, such as cellulose, starch agar, etc.

Tokura used agar to replace the polymer binder in titanium powder injection molding, and studied the thermal stability, solubility and injection viscosity of the binder system.

Metal Powder Report (MPR) reported a study on the production of titanium alloy oral implants using agar-based adhesives, which consisted of agar, water, and gel reinforcing materials.

Suzuki et al prepared samples with a relative density of 97.3% by using a binder containing 4% mass fraction of agar (molecular weight 82 500), the carbon and oxygen mass fractions of the samples were 0.33% and 0.3%, respectively, and the yield strength was 539 MPa. , the elongation is about 10%. The experimental results show that when high molecular weight agar is used, the gel strength increases, but the residual carbon and oxygen content is higher, resulting in a decrease in the sintered density of the sintered parts, and a lower tensile strength and elongation.

Non-gel-based water-based binders are easy to control, degreasing equipment is cheaper than other degreasing methods, and the binders are biodegradable and non-toxic to microorganisms, but the treatment of degreasing wastewater requires additional costs.

The size control of the final parts produced by the gel-based binder system injection material is difficult, and the composition is not stable enough, and the process conditions and quality control are difficult, and further research and optimization are still needed.

1.3 Injection molding, debonding and sintering

Injection molding process parameters are determined by injection material properties and target product geometry.

As mentioned above, the particle size of titanium powder is usually coarse. Compared with stainless steel material injection molding, it is easy to produce powder-binder separation phenomenon. Before injection molding, appropriate molding process parameters should be formulated according to the rheological properties of the injection material to reduce Defects in the formed body.

[Wang et al.] used Ti–6Al–4V alloy combined with powdered wax-based binder system to prepare injection molding materials, and tested and analyzed the rheological properties of injection materials under different powder loadings and temperatures, providing a basis for formulating suitable molding parameters for injection molding process. .

Park et al. used aerosolized titanium powder, HDH titanium powder and spheroidized HDH titanium powder to prepare injection materials, and measured their rheological properties and debonding behavior, and proposed the formability index of injection materials. The performance was evaluated, and the analysis results provided a theoretical basis for the simultaneous use of HDH powder and aerosolized powder in the injection system.

Based on an experimental and numerical simulation process, the optimal process parameters for the production of defect-free metal injection molded parts with the desired mechanical properties were discussed by Barriere et al., based on modeling techniques using two-phase flow equations and a new development The explicit algorithm is used to realize the prediction of the material separation phenomenon in the injection process using numerical simulation.

Chen et al. used the hydrodehydrodehydrogenation Ti–6Al–4V pre-alloyed powder and water-soluble binder system to prepare injection materials, and then measured the removal rate of polyethylene glycol, the water-soluble binder component, in samples of different thicknesses at different temperatures, and established a formula. A diffusion-controlled debonding mathematical model was used to determine the debonding mechanism of the binder system.

Sidambe et al. used the Taguchi method to determine the optimal combination of parameters such as the optimal sintering temperature, time, heating rate and atmosphere.

Nor et al. used palm stearin and polyethylene binder system to prepare Ti-6Al-4V injection material, and used Taguchi method to formulate the optimal production process, and finally obtained a sample with a yield strength of 934.4 MPa and an elongation of 10%. Overall properties meet the requirements specified in ASTM B348-02 Medical Titanium Alloys.

Obasi et al. prepared Ti–6Al–4V specimens with properties meeting the requirements of ASTM B348–02 titanium alloy grade 23, and studied the effect of changes in the basic process parameter system on the thermal debinding and sintering process of Ti–6Al–4V powder MIM components.

Limberg et al. prepared Ti–45Al–5Nb–0.2B–0.2C by mixing elemental powders during the injection molding process, and studied the effects of sintering time and sintering atmosphere on the tensile properties and microstructure, and obtained anti-resistance properties. A sample with a tensile strength of about 630 MPa.

Guo et al. prepared pure titanium and Ti–6Al–4V materials by injection molding technology, studied the effect of heat treatment processes such as hot isostatic pressing and annealing on the properties of alloy materials, and qualitatively characterized the heat treatment effect by means of microstructure and mechanical properties testing. and quantitative characterization, its microstructure is shown in Figure 4.

The injection material is prepared by mixing gas atomized titanium powder, hydrogenated titanium powder and wax-based binder system. After injection molding, the solvent is debonded in a mixture of heptane and ethanol, and the temperature is raised to 350, 420, After holding at 600 °C, the binder was completely removed, and the sintering temperature was 1230 °C for 3 h. Finally, the tensile properties of the sintered samples were 389-419 MPa, and the elongation was 2%-4%.

The members of this research group used the gas atomized titanium powder and water-soluble binder system to prepare pure titanium samples, and studied the effects of sintering temperature and holding time on the properties of pure titanium samples. 3 Pa vacuum, sintering temperature 1350 °C, and elongation of 20.3% after holding for 3 h, which fully complies with ASTM F2989-13 powder metallurgy performance optimal sample, relative density 96.9%, tensile strength 443 MPa, biomedical Grade II pure titanium standard.

Fig.4 Microstrctures of Ti (a) and Ti-6Al-4V (b) samples prepared by wax-based feedstocks

2 New titanium and titanium alloy injection molding materials

Titanium and titanium alloys are currently widely used in orthopedic, stomatology-related devices and medical implants, but due to the difference between their mechanical properties and the mechanical properties of human bone (elastic modulus is about 20 GPa), it is produced at the bone/implant interface. The stress shielding effect, resulting in long-term clinical effects may be greatly compromised, as shown in Figure 5.

Therefore, researchers adjusted the mechanical properties of titanium materials by changing the structure and alloy composition of titanium materials to make them closer to the structure and properties of natural human bones.

Fig.5 Comparison of elasticity modulus of biomedical titanium alloys

2.1 Porous titanium materials and titanium-ceramic composites

Porous titanium materials and new titanium alloy system materials have appropriate pore structure and mechanical properties, and are ideal implant materials for orthopaedic replacement.

On the one hand, it can effectively reduce the stress mismatch between the implant and the bone tissue, thereby reducing the stress shielding effect and realizing the lasting and effective function of the implant; on the other hand, the porous structure is a necessary condition for the growth of bone cells into the implant. The interconnected porous structure can allow the passage of a large amount of body fluids, which can further promote the growth of bone cells.

Gu et al. formed a new type of TC4 alloy with an open-pore structure by adding TiH2 to titanium-aluminum-vanadium element powder as a foaming agent and an active agent. The pore size distribution is uniform, the pore size is 90~190 μm, and the porosity is about 43%~59%. , the elastic modulus ranges from 5.8 to 9.5 GPa. Engin et al. [35] used powder injection molding (PIM) combined with pore-forming agent technology to prepare microporous titanium alloys, and studied the effect of the amount of pore-forming agent polymethyl methacrylate on the density and compression resistance of the alloy. and the elastic modulus.

Tuncer et al. used the atomized spherical powder, HDH titanium powder and wax-based binder system, by adding a certain amount of NaCl and KCl as pore-forming agents, to study the effect of the initial powder on the performance of the final porous titanium product, and further by adjusting the pore-forming agent. According to the dosage of the agent, the porous titanium material with the required porosity and pore size of the medical implant can be obtained, and the chemical composition of the material can meet the standard of tertiary pure titanium.

Chen et al. used NaCl as a pore-forming agent combined with hydrogenated titanium powder wax-based injection to prepare injection molding samples. By adjusting the amount of NaCl, a communicating hole can be formed inside the injection part, and its mechanical properties are similar to those of cancellous bone.

Barbosa et al. first used Fe22Cr powder to test the rheological properties of injection materials of different binder systems. According to the performance test results, an appropriate wax-based binder system was selected, and then combined with Ti powder and pore-forming agent NaCl for warm pressing and multi-component injection molding. , a spinal implant component with a dense outer porous core and a porosity gradient was prepared by degreasing and sintering.

Fig.6 Porous titanium injection molding component using NaCl as space holder

Hydroxyapatite (HA) has unique advantages in bone replacement and bone reconstruction due to its chemical composition and crystal structure as natural human bone tissue, and has begun to play an increasingly important role in biomedical devices. .

However, HA is brittle and has poor mechanical properties, so it cannot be used as a load-bearing component alone. Therefore, a new type of biomedical material composed of HA and titanium material has emerged.

Thian et al.] studied the preparation of Ti6Al4V/HA composites by injection molding. First, the Ti6Al4V/HA composite powder was prepared by the ceramic precipitation method, and then the prepared powder was mixed with the commercial binder PAN-250S to prepare the injection material. The rheological properties of the injection material were tested, and the heating rate during the debonding process was studied. The influence of the gas flow rate of the debonding atmosphere and the debonding atmosphere on the defects of the debonded part, the amount of binder removal and the residual carbon content; the influence of the sintering process parameters (heating rate, sintering temperature, holding time, cooling rate, etc.) The porosity of the obtained sample was about 50%; in addition, the biological degradation process of the prepared Ti6Al4V/HA material in the body fluid environment was analyzed and characterized by the test results of mechanical properties.

2.2 New titanium alloy materials

The biomedical field is an important branch of the application of titanium materials, and its application demand direction directly affects the development trend of titanium materials.

The early titanium materials are mainly pure titanium (α phase), but pure titanium materials have low strength and poor wear resistance, and then develop high strength and high toughness α+β type represented by Ti6Al4V, Ti6Al7Nb and Ti5Al2.5Fe alloy.

Aust et al. successfully fabricated bone screw materials with excellent performance using Ti6Al7Nb powder and wax-based binder system (paraffin + PE + stearic acid), as shown in Figure 7, with a relative density of 97.6%, a tensile strength of 815 MPa, and a yield strength of 714 MPa. Elongation 8.7%.

Research results show that alloy elements such as Al and V in the widely used titanium-aluminum-vanadium alloy and titanium-aluminum-niobium alloy will release cytotoxic Al and V element ions after the implant enters the human body, causing harm to the human body. .

As a result, researchers have carried out a series of development of a new generation of β-titanium alloy system containing Nb, Ta, Zr, Mo, Sn and other biosafety elements without Al and V elements.

At present, the β bio-titanium alloys that have been developed and researched mainly include Ti-15Nb, Ti-13Nb-13Zr, Ti-35Nb-7Zr-5Ta, Ti-12Mo-6Zr-2Fe, Ti-35.3Nb-5.1Ta-7.1Zr and Ti- 29Nb-13Ta-4.6Zr et al [44]. Due to the limitations of milling technology and other aspects, these alloy systems are rarely used in powder injection molding processes.

Zhao et al. conducted injection molding experiments using titanium powder and niobium powder, and successfully prepared a TiNb dual-phase alloy with a relative density of about 95%. Through the testing of the mechanical properties of green bodies, debonded parts and sintered parts, as well as sintering with different alloy composition contents The effect of Nb content on the microstructure and mechanical properties of the alloy was studied by comparing the observation and comparison of the microstructure of the alloy.

Arockiasamy et al. prepared Ti5Fe5Zr alloy by adding Fe and Zr elements to HDH pure titanium powder, and measured the mechanical properties of the alloy. mechanism.

Ti6Al7Nb bone screw prepared by MIM

3. Outlook

The low specific gravity, high specific strength, excellent biocompatibility and oxidation resistance, and good corrosion resistance of titanium and titanium alloys make them have great applications in aerospace, medical, chemical, automotive and daily consumer goods. Development potential.

Compared with traditional processing techniques, such as forging, casting and machining, powder injection molding has obvious advantages, uniform alloy composition, high raw material utilization rate, and strong production capacity of large-scale complex parts, which can greatly promote the production of titanium and titanium alloy products. and application.

Although some progress has been made in the research of injection molding of titanium and titanium alloys, in the actual industrial production process, the price of high-quality powder raw materials is relatively high, the transformation and application of new high-quality titanium alloy systems to injection molding is insufficient, and it is difficult to control the chemical composition of products. A series of problems, such as larger ones, are still to be resolved.

In addition, with the rapid development of micro-system technology in recent years, the demand for micro-complex components used in micro-systems continues to increase. Powder injection molding needs to be transferred from traditional product types to micro-products and developed into powder micro-injection. forming technology.

At present, most of the micro-injection molding technologies focus on polymer, stainless steel and other material systems. There are still many problems to be studied in the micro-injection molding of titanium and titanium alloys.

Therefore, the development of titanium and titanium alloy injection molding research should focus on the research and development of new titanium alloy systems, the development of low-cost high-quality titanium alloy powder preparation technology, and the research on micro-injection molding of titanium materials suitable for micro and complex devices.

With the in-depth research on titanium and titanium alloy injection molding technology, it is believed that injection molding titanium and titanium alloy technology will make great progress, and then promote the rapid development of the titanium industry.

Post Casting Process

1. Heat treatment: annealing, carbonization, tempering, quenching, normalizing, surface tempering

2. Processing equipment: CNC, WEDM, lathe, milling machine, drilling machine, grinder, etc.;

3. Surface treatment: powder spraying, chrome plating, painting, sandblasting, nickel plating, galvanizing, blackening, polishing, bluing, etc.

Moulds and Inspection Fixtures

1. Mold service life: usually semi-permanent. (except for lost foam)

2. Mold delivery time: 10-25 days, (according to product structure and product size).

3. Tooling and mold maintenance: Zhongwei is responsible for precision parts.

Quality Control

1. Quality control: the defective rate is less than 0.1%.

2. Samples and trial run will be 100% inspected during production and before shipment, sample inspection for mass production according to ISDO standards or customer requirements

3. Testing equipment: flaw detection, spectrum analyzer, golden image analyzer, three-coordinate measuring machine, hardness testing equipment, tensile testing machine.